India, a country heavily reliant on fossil fuels, faces the urgent challenge of decarbonization to combat climate change. According to the Global Carbon Project report released during COP28, India's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are projected to surpass 3 gigatons (gt) by the end of 2023, marking an 8% increase from the previous year. To effectively address this issue, the easiest and most viable solution lies in scaling up India's renewable energy capacity. This article examines the potential benefits and challenges of this approach.

Renewable Capacity as a Low-Hanging Fruit:

India possesses abundant renewable resources, particularly solar energy, making it an ideal candidate for scaling up renewable capacity. However, despite significant growth in renewable energy installations, the current capacity falls short of the nation's requirements to transition away from fossil fuels. Recognizing this, it becomes crucial to prioritize the expansion of renewable energy infrastructure in tandem with other decarbonization strategies.

The Power Sector: Substituting Fossil Fuels:

One of the most feasible areas for reducing reliance on fossil fuels is power generation. By substituting coal and gas with solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear energy, India can significantly reduce carbon emissions. While solar and wind power have shown remarkable growth, the transition in the transportation sector poses greater challenges due to the need for widespread charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs).

Green Hydrogen: The Solution for Heavy Transport and Industries?

The heavy transport sector and energy-intensive industries present more complex challenges in terms of decarbonization. Access to green hydrogen, despite its limited production, holds promise for these sectors. However, the production of green hydrogen requires substantial amounts of renewable power and water, posing logistical and infrastructure challenges. Additionally, transportation and storage of hydrogen present further obstacles that need to be addressed for a successful transition.

Policy Measures and Challenges:

To accelerate the scaling up of renewable capacity, India must implement a comprehensive set of policy measures. These include revising customs duties, facilitating land acquisition for renewable projects, ensuring regular payments to renewable generators, and streamlining access to the grid. Rooftop solar initiatives and finance options should also be prioritized to encourage widespread adoption. Furthermore, policy consistency is essential to avoid flip-flops and provide a stable environment for investors.

The Road to Net-Zero Emissions:

While scaling up renewable capacity is a key strategy, it is important to acknowledge that the power sector alone accounts for only 39% of CO2 emissions. Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, a crucial target for India, requires a multi-faceted approach. Alongside increasing renewable energy, the adoption of EVs and the development of sustainable aviation fuels are vital. Industries requiring intense heat, such as iron and steel, may require innovative solutions that align with decarbonization goals.

As India grapples with the urgent need to decarbonize its economy, scaling up renewable capacity emerges as the easiest and most practical solution. By substituting fossil fuels with renewable sources in power generation and exploring alternatives like green hydrogen, India can significantly reduce its carbon footprint. However, realizing this vision requires a comprehensive policy framework, infrastructure development, and consistent long-term planning. By embracing renewable energy on a large scale, India can pave the way for a sustainable and greener future.