Archaeologists have made an astonishing discovery in Spain, unearthing the remains of a late-Neolithic woman who underwent not one, but two successful surgeries on her head. The findings provide intriguing insights into the medical knowledge and capabilities of primitive societies during that era.

The burial site at Camino del Molino in Caravaca de la Cruz, Southeastern Spain, yielded the skull of a 35 to 40-year-old woman with evidence of trepanations, surgical openings made in the cranium. Remarkably, both procedures were performed expertly, targeting the dura mater, the protective layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Forensic analysis indicates that the surgeries were not the result of violence or ritualistic practices, as the area around the trepanations showed no signs of fractures. The woman survived for several months following the second surgery, highlighting the remarkable skill and care taken by her ancient surgeons.

This discovery challenges conventional assumptions about the level of medical knowledge possessed by Stone Age communities. The fact that these procedures were carried out with precision and without complications reveals a surprising level of anatomical understanding and surgical expertise.

The woman's advanced age and the considerable recovery period required after each surgery demonstrate the value placed on human life and the dedication shown in caring for loved ones. Despite living in a time when copper tools were just being developed, these primitive societies prioritized the well-being of their community members.

The findings shed light on a rarely documented cranial region for trepanations, involving the temporalis muscles and vital blood vessels. It is believed that a rough-surfaced lithic instrument was used to gradually erode the cranial vault, creating the necessary openings. The procedures would have required strong immobilization or the use of psychoactive substances to manage pain.